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Excluded the Secretary of State but included a member of Kissinger’s staff, Winston Lord. The Chinese realized this and cropped him out of the pictures. Chinese organized bus tours to the Great Wall, universities, etc. to keep the media from knowing too much about what was going on in the meetings. Excluded the Secretary of State from almost all meetings and information, but included the National Security Advisor. China said that America could not continue to support Taiwan while building relations with China. Nixon’s handwritten notes called Taiwan and Vietnam were irritancies in the new relations with China. Nixon and friends went to a ballet, written by Mao’s wife. The ballet showed that there was one China, and that Taiwan was a part of it. Rogers received a copy of the communication of supporting treaty responsibilities with Japan, Korea, and China and were outraged. State department felt that all requirements in the area must be upheld, even those with Taiwan. If Rogers drifted away in protest, Nixon was afraid that the Republican right would act against it and raise “Holy Hell” in response to abandoning Taiwan.
In May, Russia signed the treaty to limit the amount of nuclear weapons. Taiwan would flourish economically. China gained a position on the world stage.
Towards the end of the Vietnam War where China said they were willing support Vietnam in the war.• To avoid problems national affairs, Nixon cut out State Department.
• Border conflict (edge of war) between Soviet Union and China gave Nixon a chance to start his “China Games”.
• Mao wants Taiwan as a part of “One China”.• Nixon had a ‘secrecy diplomacy’ behind other officials back in relations with China.
• Mao sent personal invitation to Nixon to see him and since they both ‘loved’ secret diplomacies they kept it that way until it was made to look like Nixon was the one to ask to come over.• “Two-China’s” policy was announced during all the secret arrangements and talks between China and US.
• Chinese all about ‘Face’.
• Kissinger had to be snuck into Beijing to arrange the meeting and wasn’t even able to wear a nice shirt because of the rush to get him over there privately.
• U.S. ends the limitations for travel to China. American Ping Pong group went to play against Chinese.• "We were embarking on a voyage of philosophical discovery as uncertain, and in some ways as perilous, as the voyages of geographical discovery of an earlier time."- Nixon on going to China.
• Mao was in such a hurry to meet with Nixon that he went to meet with him right before Nixon was able to step in the shower after the flight.• Rogers [Sec. of State] was upset over a few things and was on the verge of not giving his support for these new relations with China
• Nixon breached a lot of protocol during this meet like for example having a junior aide take the place of someone further up like secretary of state.
• The Chinese did a good job keeping the American [press] in the dark during their visit by touring them on a bus to see places like the Great Wall and Peking.
• Negotiations were still underway for Taiwan at this point.
• “There is one China, and Taiwan is a part of it”. They just never said who should govern this China.
• “To get rich is glorious” – Communist Beijing. [A gracenote to film.]which would also ruin Nixon’s whole election coming up as well as the relations themselves. In a fit to stop this from happening Chou En-lai went to visit Rogers and basically talked him into supporting.
Truman in presidential campaign season. Decided to supply Berlin by air, to maintain city without miltiary confrontation on ground. British ration experts calculated 1,700 calories per person needed, fuel added and multiplied by weight for flight loads. 4,000 tons needed per day, a huge goal. First efforts only 90 tons per day. C-47s could only carry 3 tons.
Had to intensify flights, flying five aircraft at different altitudes along two outbound corridors and one return. Continual stream, only seconds apart, in triangular flight paths. Gen Lucius Clay organized effort -- had flown supplies over Himalayas for China in WW2. Templehof airport needed to be expanded with 18,000 workers, mostly women Chocolate uncle best of several propaganda efforts on both sides. A few crashes and bailouts inevitable. US pilot bailed out directly on route, aided to freedom by German former POW, Schnabel -- who was captured and interrogated by communists. Later Schnabel was helped to escape.
Estonia and Chile examples of countries that have made transition to 1976 Nobel Prize in Economics Struggle to convince the world of the power of his ideas. Milton & Rose partners for 68 years, with degrees in same discipline. Friedman prize awarded for advancing liberty, $500,000. Hernando de Soto winner, and Friedman 93 yrs. Long lag in changes in climated of opinion to changes in political life. Problem is to persuade people to practice what they preach. Alan Greenspan: few have original ideas that can alter the direction of civilization.
Fomer soviet Estonia, on Baltic sea and sandwiched between Russia and Finland. Econoimc backwater. 1990s emancipated, elected 32 year prime minister with young cabinet. Faced heavy unemployment. Tax free zone for reinvested profits --- now one of freest economies of world, with strong growth. Most competititve in European union. Finnish company invested in major factory. Heavily wired for internet. Abandoned graduated income tax for flat 24% with no loopholes. Lan to catch up with living standards of EU in just one generation.
Free markets though were feared after WW1 John Maynard Keynes called for government controls and offered little risk of inflation.
Immigrants to NY, Rahway NJ HS. Father died, Friedman attended Rutgers U. Black Thursday ushereed in Great Depression, half banks failed. 1932, Milton 19 years old, found unemployment in Chicago with machines idled. University of Chicago had leading econoimcs department. Friedman and Paul Samuelson both attracted to the dept. Remained friends and debating adversaries for life. Jacob Viner's class helps him see whole system, and introduced him to Rose, who sat next to him alphabetically. Prof. Frank Knight suspicious of Government intervention.
FDR inauguration: only thing we have to fear is ... fear itself. New Deal programs to put people back to work. Rose took FDIC job in Washington, working in New Deal, Milton in NYC 138 letters, followed by traditional marriage. Number codes for frequent phrases: #2 for "you are right and I am wrong".
Milton institutes withholding tax for war effort first assignment on prevention of inflation -- initially sounds Keynesian. Gary Becker: market economies susceptible to unemployment, requiring government investment. Returns to Coumbia U for PhD while working. Daughter a lawyer, son David and economist. Geat belief in reason and tolerance. Truman: flags of freedom fly all over Europe.
Succeeds Jacob Finer at U Chicago. US Economy triples in a decade. Socialism and communism much more popular than before. Churchill, though defeated by Labour party, issues warning about Iron curtain, Stettin to Trieste. Mount Pellerin society of global intellectuals from economics and politics -- a small minority of classical liberals. Keynesianism was dominant and pervasive. Dartmouth College library his research base for "Capitaf", New England summer home in NH. Book, Capitalism and Freedom. 1957, Theory of the Consumption Function, criticism of Keynesianism. People make decisions based on permanent income, not short term income -- now widely accepted. A Monetary History of the United States, with Anna Schwartz, most inlfuential. Great Decision caused by failyre of Federal Reserve. Dec 11, 1930 Bank of US of NY failed -- Fed Researve failed to flood country with liquidity. Friedman ridiculed wby many for this way out notion. Galbraith, FDR's price czar of WW2. Wage and price control are indispensible part of any economic policy. Prof. Friedman "one cause, one cure, man"(monetary policy). Friedman seen as having finest thinking of C18th! But Friedman was so clear, convinced profession had not analyzed clearly. School Choice Called for choice in public schools, owing to failure of inner city schools. Should be able to choose any school, public or private, with voucher. Harvard researcher shows with voucher worth half of tuition, in Wisconsin, after 3-4 years significant improvement among voucher students. Friedman: competition is better than monopoly. 1960s, international attention and foreign travel: India, Europe, Asia, Middle East. 1964 election, Friedman advises Goldwater campaign (rare among intellectuals) -- landslide loss. DRAFT ISSUE Anti Vietnam War agitation, Nixon elected with Friedman invited as adviser. Friedman, "Use of compulsion is repugnant" - called for end to draft Nixon appoints Friedman and Greenspan to commission to review the draft, demolished "mercenary" label. Marty Anderson, borrowing from Milton's paper, wrote volunteer force plan. Army spends $200 M per year advertising - to sway life decision, aimed at parents. Now 502,000 soldiers, all volunteers. CHILE From 1964 chilean students to U Chicago had developed free market views. Allende won election, 1,000 % inflation, nationalizations, food shortages, miners strikes, banging of pots and pans. Sep 11, 1973 Pinochet's coup covertly supported by US. Friedman speaks on free economy and need for free democratic elections. Agreed with Chicago boys on need for short, sharp shock to break inflation. Monument to disappeared -- but economic miracle of affluence. Socialist governments of C21 have reaffirmed markets' success: with good quality of life and education, exporting fruits and veggies, salmon, wines. privatized pension system (10% in personal retirement fund0 has dramatically raised savings. poverty rate cut in half since 1986. "Society that puts freedom before equality will have a great measure of both." Advised president Ford on reducing inflation became a columnist for the Washington Post for 17 years, and even in Playboy. 1976 moved to San Francisco and Hoover Institution. Public radio suggests Free to Choose program. unscripted program, with onsite discussions of markets in Hong Kong and NY gold bullion vaults. Broadcast in Japan and all Europe except France. Adapted for book, sells a million copies. Ronald Reagan won 1980 election with persuasive manner but based on ideas of Friedman. invited Friedman to join economic advisers, with Freidmanites government reduction policies, budget control [ignores military increase] Lao-Tzu: "govern a great nation as you would cook a small fish: do not overdo it." Nixon the smartest, but not best in character -- did institute price freeze. Reagan not as intellectual but strong in principles. Presidential medal of freedom: "restored commonsense to world of economics." Visit to China economic reform in a communist nation Berlin wall came down and China became large trading nation Clinton China and India now 37% of world population, now enjoying a better standard of living. Conclusions on degree of influence across society 1912-2006
They tour Africa and do not find enough material. They are about to give up and go home when a truck in front of them is shot by African rebels. They are forced to stay in a nearby town for the next few days, until it is safe to travel again.
It began when a girl named Alice Lakwena announced that she had been inspired by spirits to topple Uganda's government. She gathered up a following. One of her followers was a man named Joseph. He gathered up an army of fighters who thought they were indestructible because they had the spirits on their side. For example, they smeared themselves with shea oil, believing that it would deflect the bullets. Joseph fed off of Alice's ideas and now has an enormous rebel army in Northern Uganda.
They are chosen because they are moldable, yet big enough to carry a gun- "the perfect candidate". At night, the rebels invade rural communities and villages. They abduct the children in their sleep and take them to the rebel camp, an area called the Bush. The children are then desensitized through indoctrination (mutilation, scare tactics). Once they begin serving as child soldiers, they are forced to kill. If they do not kill a certain number every day, they are themselves tortured or killed in front of the rest of the soldiers. Over time, death has desensitized, even brainwashed, them. Over 50,000 people have been abducted, yet many more have not yet been accounted for.
Mogadishu is a poor city in Somalia, in the horn (eastern coastal point) of Africa, across the water from Arabia. It is easily accessible from the sea, though there are few roads to the interior. In the 1980s and 1990s it lacked the most basic needs: a governmental system, food and water, and security.
In Dec. 1992, President George Bush sent US troops to Mogadishu in Somalia to assist in peacekeeping with United Nations troops while charities sent civil aid.
The war-torn and poverty-stricken country, suffering years of drought and strife, resembled a Hobbesian world: lawless, armed, with a young population high on Khat.
Unfortunately, there was a cultural issue: US troops were inadvertently showing the soles of their feet from the helicopters to Arabs on the ground, an unintended insult.
Aidid, a former general and then warlord, was fighting for control of the food, and hence money for weapons and control of the land. By ensuring a flow of food to starving people, the US troops were also damaging the control of food of a warlord.
As American-led UN troops reduced Aidid's militia's theft of food, and Pakistani troops raided one of his arms caches, he retaliated by massacring and mutilating Pakistani troops.
At this point, the US and UN had to decide whether to pull out and send a message of weakness to other trouble spots -- or to fight with a well-armed militia.
The new Clinton administration quickly sent Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to the UN, which resolved to apprehend those responsible. Clinton ordered a helicopter-borne missile strike against Aideed's headquarters meeting, leaving many dead and wounded.
Unknown to the force commanders, the administration also sent a diplomatic envoy to negotiate a settlement.
It also ordered the arrest of Aidid, a new
mission.
Critics have complained that this mission
creep placed the US in a hostile city without the heavy armor needed
to make the arrest.
Instead, Delta Force and US Army Rangers would use helicopters and trucks to assault, arrest and evacuate in a highly coordinated operation.
Practice missions, however, gave the militias a view of the tactics, and the counter-tactics needed. Aidid's milita commander states that he focussed on the low-flying helicopters as the vulnerable point, intending to trap the mobile Americans in a static urban battle.
In the fog of war, directing from a helicopter a ground convoy through narrow streets and heavy small arms fire became a confused mess. Even the finest US troops became lost and took heavy casualities until they took cover and night fell. Intensive efforts to evacuate the wounded led to further heavy casualities on both sides.
There was (it is claimed) questionable intelligence, cumbersome channels of communication from the CIA officer up to his HQ and then back down to the local military commander. There followed a bloodbath on the ground. Some 1,500 somalis were dead and wounded; 18 Americans were killed (with at least one mutilated, on television) and 100 wounded.
Soon after, president Clinton withdrew US forces from Mogadishu; other forces followed and without security, humanitarian aid from charities had to be withdrawn.
The book raises in further detail the extraordinary heroism of soldiers in defeat, for example the individual airborne snipers and para-rescue jumpers who sacrified their bodies to defend US pilots from large hostile crowds.
The operation raises the strategic and constitutional issues of justice in war