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PSC 302: Comparative Government.
WORKBOOK NOTES:
Steiner, Jurg. 1998. European Democracies. 4th Edition.
White Plains, NY: Longman.
by Jeremy Lewis, revised 29 August 2002.

[As usual, square brackets denote my lecture material which is not found in the book. The first nine chapters are outlined here in some detail to guide your noting. The rest are given in a sparser outline for you to fill in.]

INTRODUCTION:

Europe as cultural concept.

East and West. [And Central.]

How democratic? How long?

Comparison with U.S..

U.K.; Switzerland.

Male versus female democracy.

PART 1: WESTERN EUROPE

CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL PARTIES

1. To grasp the significance of the Socialist Party in Europe

2. To be able to distinguish the Conservative and Liberal Parties

3. To consider the problem of the future of communism in Eastern Europe

4. To develop a feel for the dramatic changes for communism in Eastern Europe

5. To perceive the impact of NeoFacism in Europe

6. To be able to discuss the role of the Green Party and Regional Parties in Europe

 The purpose of this chapter is to survey the various political parties in Europe and familiarize you with the successes and failures of each of the parties. While in the United States, the two party system has persisted, in Europe there has been a wide spectrum of political parties. The party that has seen the most change has been the Communist party, but in Steiner’s third edition communist parties are discussed in a new, separate section on Eastern Europe that we will leave aside for purposes of this course. This chapter also surveys the goals and strategies of other parties, including the Liberals, Conservatives, Christian Democrats, Neofascists, and the Greens.
 
  • Conservative
  • Demonstration effect
  • Greens
  • Interaction theory
  • Liberal
  
  • Marxism
  • Nationalism
  • NeoFacism
  • Sinatra Doctrine
  • Velvet Revolution
     
  1. Socialists
  2. Liberals
  3. Conservatives
  4. Christian Democrats
  5. New Radical Right (Neofascists)
  6. Greens
  7. Regional Parties
  8. A Multidimensional Political Space
  9. Membership in Political Parties
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. Briefly discuss the goals and strategies of the Socialists.

2. What are the similarities and differences of the Conservatives and Liberals?

 3. What are the goals and strategies of the Greens?

4. Explain the new dimensions of party competition, according to Steiner.

5. What do the new radical right stand for?
 
 

Discussion and Essay Questions:

1. Define socialism in the context of European democracies. What are the goals and strategies of the Socialists. How has socialism operated in Europe?

2. Define the goals and strategies of the Liberals and the Conservatives. Analyze the strengths of each party.

 3. Where do the new radical right fit in political space?

4. Which parties are likely to take advantage of the new dimensions of party competition, and why?

5. How are European parties different from American parties? Is this difference declining?

CHAPTER 2: PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION SYSTEMS

1. To gain an understanding of the various election systems that operate in Europe: Winner-take-all, party list proportional representation, personalized proportional representation, single transferable vote, double-ballot system, and two votes per voter.

2. To develop a feel for the advantages and disadvantages of each of the election systems used in Europe.

3. To be able to compare the election systems used in Europe to the system used in the United States.

4. To understand the importance of the Droop formula in calculating the winner in Ireland's single transferable vote election system.

5. To be able to distinguish the difference in voter turnout in Europe and the United States.

6. To grasp the significance of the recent elections in Eastern Europe and the resulting changes for communism.

7. To perceive the changes that have resulted from the recent elections in Eastern Europe and to understand why the level of change has varied.

 The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the process of elections in Europe. In the United States, the election system is fairly simple: winner takes all. However, in Europe, the process of elections varies from country to country. Only Great Britain follows the winner-take-all system. Other systems used include party list proportional representation, personalized proportional representation, single transferable vote, double-ballot system, and two votes per voter. Each system contains advantages and disadvantages which you should become familiar with. While there are many arguments as to whether or not European election systems are preferable to the system used in the United States, one cannot deny that voter turnout is much higher in Europe.
 
 
  1. Winner-Take-All: Great Britain
  2. Party List Proportional Representation: The Netherlands
  3. Personalized Proportional Representation: Switzerland, Ireland and Germany
  4. Changing the Electoral System: France and Italy
  5. Voter turnout
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. Provide a brief description of Great Britain's winner-take-all election system.

2. What are the anticipatory effects of the winner-take-all system. Do these also exist in the United States?

3. Provide an outline of the party list proportional representation system as seen in the Netherlands.

4. What would be the major disadvantages of using a proportional representation system for American congressional elections?

5. Discuss Switzerland's personalized proportional representation election system.

6. What is the Droop formula and how does it fit into Ireland's single transferable vote election system?

7. How does France's double-ballot election system work?

8. Why did France switch from the double-ballot system to proportional representation and then back to the double-ballot system? Are such changes democratic?

9. Provide a brief description of Germany's election system of two votes for each voter.

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. How does party listing help control the behavior of party members in Europe. How does Great Britain maintain party discipline despite its winner-take-all system? Do you think party listing could work for the United States? What would be the advantages and disadvantages of such a system?

2. Various election systems are discussed in this chapter. Provide a detailed description of two, making comparisons to the United States' election system and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each system.

 3. Why do you think voter turn-out is higher in Europe than in the United States? Is there anything you think the U.S. could borrow from the European systems to improve voter turn-out or do you think low voter turn-out is simply the result of difference in culture?
  CHAPTER 3: CABINET FORMATION AND HEADS OF STATE 1. To be able to perceive the relationship between voters and the legislative and executive branches of government in the parliamentary and presidential systems

2. To develop a feel for Great Britain's one-party majority system of cabinet formation

3. To be able to distinguish between the career path of the British prime minister and the U.S. president and to understand the political implications

4. To understand the importance of the decision making styles in the British parliament

5. To perceive the difference between a minimal-winning-sized coalition and a grand coalition and to understand the role of each in European coalition formation

6. To consider the problems a dual executive system can pose to democracy, specifically in the case of France

 While the purpose of the previous chapter was to introduce you to various systems of electing the legislative branch of government, this chapter focuses on the formation of the executive branch. Most European democracies have a parliamentary system, with the exception being France, which combines a presidential with a parliamentary system. The interesting aspect of the parliamentary system is that the executive is chosen by parliament and depends on the confidence of parliament for survival. The ways in which various cabinets are formed is the focus of this chapter.
 
  • Autocratic style
  • Caretaker government
  • Cohabitation
  • Dual executive
  • Front-benchers/Back-benchers
  • Grand coalitions
  
  • Minimal-winning-sized
  • Minority cabinets
  • Shadow cabinet
  • Summing up
  • Vote of confidence
  • Westminster model
     
  1. Introduction
    1. Most European democracies have a parliamentary system with the exception of France
    2. Executive selected by parliament and depends on confidence of parliament for survival
    3. Most European democracies have two chambers of parliament -- an upper and a lower house
    4. Vote of confidence
  2. Great Britain: One-Party Majority in Parliamentary
    1. If one party has a majority in House of Commons, cabinet formation is straightforward
    2. Shadow cabinet
    3. How a member of parliament can advance to a member of the cabinet
    4. Differences between G. Britain and the U.S.
    5. How are cabinet decisions made?
  3. Minimal-Winning-Cabinets
    1. When no party controls a majority in parliament cabinet formation is very different
    2. Parliamentary systems can be stable, despite no majority in parliament
  4. Oversized Cabinets
    1. Normal pattern is oversized coalitions
    2. Cabinet is elected in a joint session of both houses
  5. Minority Cabinets
    1. Party (parties) forming the cabinet do not control a majority of the seats in parliament
    2. Sweden's parliament is unicameral
    3. Caretaker government
    4. Minority cabinets not unique to Sweden
  6. Italy: Frequent Cabinet Crises
    1. Prototypical example of high cabinet instability
    2. Proportional electoral system
    3. Dominant position of Christian Democrats turned out to be the basic weakness of the system
    4. Historical compromise
  7. Semipresidential System of France
    1. System developed under de Gaulle
    2. Operation under de Gaulle
    3. System since de Gaulle
  8. Explanations of Cabinet Formation and Termination
    1. Little Attraction for Westminster Model
  9. Heads of State
From Old Chapter 5: Heads of State in 3rd Edition.

4th Edition Only Has 6 Pages on this.

1. To be able to distinguish between the role of the heads of state in Europe and the dual role that the president must play in the United States
2. To gain an understanding of a monarchical head of state

3. To grasp the significance of the monarchy in Great Britain

4. To perceive how and why the monarchy is able to maintain popular support

5. To develop a feel for the elected head of state in Europe

 6. To consider the feasibility and implications of introducing a monarch into the American system The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the two primary heads of state in Europe, the monarch and the elected president. In the study of United States government, the topic of head of state comes under the same heading as the topic of the presidency. In the U.S., the president is both the head of state and the chief executive; however, in most European democracies the roles are played by two different people. The head of state can serve a symbolic role, as is the case with the monarchy in Great Britain, or the head of state can take on a more active role as is the case with the president in Germany.
 
  • Changing of the guard
  • Elected Head of State
  • Monarchical Head of State
  
  • Prince Charles
  • Queen Elizabeth
  • Stripped-down monarchy
     
  1. Monarchical Head of State
  2. Elected Head of State
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. Provide a brief description of the cabinet including how members are chosen, and the role of the prime minister.

2. How does a vote of confidence impact the selection of a cabinet?

3. What is a shadow cabinet and how does it work under the British one-party majority?

4. How does a back-bencher become a parliamentary leader?

5. How are cabinet decisions made in Great Britain? What is the impact of summing up?

6. Discuss the concept of a minimal-winning-size coalition.

7. What informal rules have developed in the Federal Republic of Germany to guide the process of cabinet formation?

 8. What is a grand coalition and why would one ever come together when a minimal-winning-size coalition is enough to gain power?

9. Under what circumstance does a caretaker government exist and what can it accomplish?

 10. What was the historical compromise in Italy's cabinet formation process?

11. Briefly describe France's dual executive.

12. Has Britain's Westminster model had any success in being adopted abroad? Why or why not?
 
 

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. Compare the executive of Great Britain to the executive of the U.S. A discussion of the career path of the executives, the role of opposition, the function of a vote of no confidence, and accountability is warranted.

2. Under the system in Great Britain, how are cabinet decisions made? What is summing up and what is its potential impact on democracy? How does the style of decision making in Great Britain differ from the U.S.?

3. In the Federal Republic of Germany, minimal-winning-sized coalitions are a typical form of cabinet formation. Define this type of cabinet formation and discuss the rules that have emerged.

4. In Switzerland, grand coalitions are the normal pattern for cabinet formation. Define a grand coalition, pointing to specific examples.

5. Discuss France's dual executive. How democratic is this system? Do you think it has been a successful system, or was it only tailor-made to suit de Gaulle's personality?

 QUESTIONS ON HEADS OF STATE: [for whole chapter in old 3rd edition.]

Short Identity Questions:

Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose.

1. The monarchical head of state is best illustrated in Great Britain. Provide a description of this system.

2. If the monarchy has no substantive power what purpose does it serve?

3. Is it costly for Britain to maintain its monarchy?

 4. Sweden's monarchy is described as stripped-down. What does this mean?

5. How does the monarchy maintain political significance in Belgium and Spain?

6. How does Switzerland's system work without a monarch or an elected head of state?

7. Discuss Germany's system of an elected head of state.

8. How has the role of the president been interpreted by the six different men who have filled the office in Germany?

9. Can the U.S. learn anything from Europe's structure of the Head of State?
 
 

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. The British Monarchy has always fascinated the American public. Describe the political significance of the monarchy. How much political power does the monarchy have? Is the British Monarchy typical of monarchies in Europe? What are the differences between the British monarchy and other monarchies in Europe?

2. Recent scandals have tarnished the image of the monarchy in Great Britain. Do you think this will lessen the importance of the monarchy in Europe?

3. Provide a detailed description of the elected head of state in Europe using Germany as a specific example. How does this head of state differ from the monarchy?

4. It has been argued that the president is expected to play too many roles. We expect you president to perform policy-making functions as well as symbolic functions. Do you think the United States should a symbolic head of state as well as a chief executive. What would be the advantages and disadvantages?

 Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. The monarchical head of state is best illustrated in Great Britain. Provide a description of this system.

2. If the monarchy has no substantive power what purpose does it serve?

3. Is it costly for Britain to maintain its monarchy?

 4. Sweden's monarchy is described as stripped-down. What does this mean?

5. How does the monarchy maintain political significance in Belgium and Spain?

6. How does Switzerland's system work without a monarch or an elected head of state?

7. Discuss Germany's system of an elected head of state.

8. How has the role of the president been interpreted by the six different men who have filled the office in Germany?

9. Can the U.S. learn anything from Europe's structure of the Head of State?

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. The British Monarchy has always fascinated the American public. Describe the political significance of the monarchy. How much political power does the monarchy have? Is the British Monarchy typical of monarchies in Europe? What are the differences between the British monarchy and other monarchies in Europe?

2. Recent scandals have tarnished the image of the monarchy in Great Britain. Do you think this will lessen the importance of the monarchy in Europe?

3. Provide a detailed description of the elected head of state in Europe using Germany as a specific example. How does this head of state differ from the monarchy?

4. It has been argued that the president is expected to play too many roles. We expect you president to perform policy-making functions as well as symbolic functions. Do you think the United States should a symbolic head of state as well as a chief executive. What would be the advantages and disadvantages?
 
 

 CHAPTER 4: COURTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW 1. To gain an understanding of the concept of judicial review

2. To be able to distinguish between the use of judicial review in the United States and in Europe

3. To consider the problem of having no written constitution in the sense of a single document

4. To develop a feel for how Great Britain deals with questions of constitutionality

5. To grasp the significance of the advantages and disadvantages of the British system of determining constitutionality in comparison to the United States

6. To be able to provide a brief description of judicial review in Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Italy

 The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the process of judicial review in Europe and to explore the differences between Europe's treatment of judicial review and judicial review in the United States. The United States has given judicial review greater importance than in Europe. In fact, some European countries do not even give the courts the power of judicial review, such as Great Britain and Sweden. The court systems also vary greatly in Europe. For example, the court system in Great Britain is based on common law, and in other countries code law prevails. There are also great variations in how much juries are used, the appointment and election of judges, the rights of defendants, and so on. While these differences are important, the focus of this chapter is the political issue of judicial review.
  1. No Constitutional Court [Great Britain; Switzerland]
  2. Strong Constitutional Court [Federal Republic of Germany]
  3. A Trend Toward More Constitutional Judicial Review.
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. Briefly define the concept of judicial review.

2. How is the importance of judicial review in Europe different from the United States?

3. The court and judicial systems in Europe are not uniform. Briefly explain some of the basic differences.

4. Unlike the United States, the British have no written constitution in the sense of a single document. What impact does this have on the foundation of its political institutions and policies?

5. How are questions of constitutionality determined in Great Britain?

6. The Supreme Court serves as an important check on the legislative and executive branches in the U.S. Why is this not the case in Great Britain? What prevents a governing party from establishing a dictatorship?

7. In Switzerland, decisions of constitutionality are made by the people in a referendum. How does this system work?

8. What contradictions occur in the Swiss system?

9. Briefly describe Germany's judicial system. How did the memories of Hitler's laws impact their system?

10. Discuss the growing importance of the Constitutional Court in France and Italy.
 
 

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. Judicial review is a key element in the American political system. It is crucial to our system of checks and balances and has come to play an important policy-making role. Using your knowledge of the American judicial system (Wilson) make a comparison between the United States' use of the judicial system and Europe's use of the judicial system.

2. Provide a description of Britain's judicial system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system? How does it compare to the U.S.?

3. Switzerland uses a system of popular referendum to decide issues of constitutionality. Isn't this pure democracy? What are the problems with such a system?

 4. Discuss the judicial systems in France and Italy. What is the role of the Constitutional Court?

5. Is there really likely to be American style judicial review in West Europe in (say) another two decades?

 CHAPTER 5: FEDERALISM AND REFERENDUM 1. To develop an understanding of the concept of a federal system 2. To be able to distinguish between a federal government and a unitary government

3. To develop a feel for the federal trend in Europe

4. To be able to discuss Switzerland's system of government as a federal model

 The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize you with the concept of federalism in the European context. A federal system consists of individual units, in the United States these units are the states, which have their own independent power. The opposite of a federal government is a unitary government, which contains regional units which are merely bureaucratic in nature. The chapter discusses the federal trend in Europe, which refers to an effort to transfer power from the central government to the regional units. This decentralization of power is also being attempted in the U.S.
 
  • Basque problem
  • Bundesrat
  • cantonal consultation
  • federalism
  
  • foedus
  • Laender
  • supranational integration
  • unitary government 
     
  1. Switzerland: Prototypical Case of A Federalist Country with Strong Referendum
  2. A Trend Toward Federalism and Referenda
  3. Arguments Against Federalism and Referenda
Short Identity Questions:

Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose.

1. What is a federal system? How does it exist in the U.S. and how does it exist in Europe?

2. Why did Germany move to a federal system after the defeat of the Nazis?

3. How is the German federal system organized?

4. How did Italy's move toward a federal system come about?

 5. What problems has Italy had with regionalization?

6. What was the Basque problem in Spain?

7. What are the roots of Great Britain's movement toward federalism?

8. Discuss the organization of Switzerland's federal system.

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. The trend toward decentralization of power is occurring both in the United States and Europe. This trend is not new as the most dramatic change from a unitary to a federal government occurred in Germany after the defeat of the Nazis. Provide a description Germany's ongoing move toward federalism. How is the German federal system organized? How does it compare to the federal system in the United States?

2. Discuss the movement toward decentralization of power in 3 of the following European democracies: Italy, Spain, Great Britain, France, Belgium. Include in your discussion a comparison of the three countries you choose as well as a comparison to the federal system in the United States.

3. Why do you think there is and has been a trend toward federalism in Europe? What advantages can a federal government provide as opposed to a unitary government? Do you think the movement toward a unified European community signals a reversal in the trend toward federalism?

4. Switzerland is used as a model for the federal system of government in this chapter. Provide a detailed description of Switzerland's federal system. How has Switzerland's federal system been so successful given its cultural diversity?

 [From old CHAPTER 7: POPULAR REFERENDUM in 3rd edition.] 1. To be able to distinguish between direct forms of democracy and representative forms of democracy

2. To grasp the significance of the popular referendum in Switzerland's history

3. To develop a feel for the advantages and disadvantages of the popular referendum

 4. To consider how the use of the popular referendum has impacted voting patterns in Switzerland

5. To perceive the increased importance of the popular referendum in Europe

6. To understand the potential dangers of the use of a referendum, particularly in newly developed democracies

 The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the two forms of democracy used in Europe: direct democracy and representative democracy. While Great Britain practices representative democracy, government of and for the people, Switzerland employs direct democracy, government by the people. Direct democracy and representative democracy both have advantages and disadvantages.
 
  • Foreignization
  • Popular referendum
  
  • Process of debate
  • Referendum campaign
     
  1. Switzerland
  2. Great Britain
  3. Increased Importance of the Referendum
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. The use of the popular referendum has deep historical roots in Switzerland. Discuss the use of the popular referendum in Switzerland's history.

2. When the referendum was introduced in Switzerland, it was intended to produce innovative change. However, the referendum has actually often had a delaying effect. Provide some examples of issues that have been delayed through the use of the popular referendum.

3. Provide some examples where new ideas have been brought into public debate as a result of a referendum in Switzerland.

4. What was the "foreignization" of Switzerland?

5. What factors might influence the Swiss voter in a referendum?

6. What is the greatest weakness of the referendum as practiced in Switzerland?

 7. Great Britain has only used the popular referendum once. How are decisions made in Europe and why do they follow that process as opposed to using the popular referendum?

8. Provide some examples of the increased importance of the referendum in Europe
 
 

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. The use of the popular referendum is considered as direct and pure as democracy can get. However, established democracies such as the United States and Great Britain do not ordinarily employ the popular referendum. Discuss.

2. Switzerland has a long history of direct citizen involvement in actual decision making. What impact has the use of the popular referendum had on Swiss politics? Has it led to more innovation or have important decisions been delayed by the voters? Have the fears of a tyranny of the majority been realized or have Swiss voters shown consideration for minority rights?

3. It would seem that the use of a popular referendum would lead to greater citizen participation as the citizens are directly involved in day-to-day policy decisions. Has the popular referendum increased citizen participation in Switzerland? Compare citizen involvement under this form of direct democracy and citizen involvement under representative forms of democracy.

4. Switzerland provides a model for the use of direct democracy through the popular referendum while Great Britain provides a model for the use of representative democracy through the process of debate. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Why do you think other European democracies are increasingly turning to the use of the popular referendum?
 
 

 CHAPTER 6: STATE & ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS.

I. STATE AS A POLITICAL ACTOR.

State has own interests

CS elite has social status

Right shares positive view of State

Even Italian bureaus function when cabinet crises occur.

Critics: Marxists decry State repression; others [public choice] decry CS self-interest.

State is more than CS: rules, norms, values and myth.

 II. ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS. Positive view of organizations.

Lobby officials may sit in P.

half Euro workforce is organized, and 90% in Scandinavia.

Derived from mediaeval Guild system, now transferred to elite groups.

Econ groups are more affluent and have better HQs than political parties.

Overlap between group and party membership varies greatly.

Farmers may have own agrarian party (Sweden) or be Right -- or even Soct or Comt (Italy, France).

Should

 III. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS CORPORATISM: formal cooperation to seek solutions.

Dates from mediaeval times.

Only in enlightenment did individual become valued.

But this individualism caused much upheaval in C19th; led to fascist reaction in C20th.

Neo-corporatism since 1970, especially Austria where chambers have compulsory membership.

Cannot yet say whether econ interest groups have more influence under corporatism or pluralism.

Causes?

Now driven by vulnerability of a country to international market forces

Strong labor movement.

When econ booms or is in crisis.

Result of advanced capitalism.

 Critics? Corporatism not compatible with true internal union democracy. IV. DEMOCRACY IN THE WORKPLACE

[From Old Chapter 11: Extension of Democracy to the Workplace.]

In some countries unions are suspicious of codetermination, seeing it as a way to pacify unions. GERMANY & SWEDEN. Codetermination in workplace.
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 9: NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CHURCHES
 
 

1. To gain an understanding of the concerns that have driven the environmental movement from the 1960s to the present

2. To grasp the significance of the end of the Cold War and its impact on the European peace movement

3. To be able to discuss the strategies developed by the women's movement to overcome deeply rooted sexist traditions

4. To be able to distinguish between the European educational system and the system in the United States and the understand its impact on the youth movements

5. To understand the use of collective actions in social movements

 The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to some of the major social movements in Europe today. The environmental movement, the peace movement, the women's movement, and the youth movement are all important actors in European politics and can all be termed social movements. These movements are generally loosely organized and there are usually no permanent leaders to speak for the movement. Each movement has a unique history and while some are gaining strength, such as ethnic movements, others are weakening, such as the peace movement.
  1. Environmental Movement
  2. Peace and Third World Movement
  3. Women's Movement
  4. Youth Movement
  5. Citizen Participation in New Social Movements
  6. Churches
Explain each of the following in a paragraph of good prose. 1. What concerns has the environmental movement focused on from the 1960s to the present?

2. What steps to change the life-style of Europeans have been devised by the environmental movement?

3. The environmental movement has a multilayered organization. discuss the different layers of the movement.

4. There are two interpretations as to the role of the peace movements in the ending of the Cold War. Discuss.

5. Who were the people active in the European peace movement?

6. What are the concerns of the women's movement and what projects has it undertaken?

7. How did the earlier European educational system operate and what changes have been made?

8. Why do social movements rely so heavily on collective actions?
 
 

 Discussion and Essay Questions: 1. As in the U.S., there is an increasing environmental awareness in Europe. discuss the structure of the European environmental movement as well as the evolution of environmental policy in Europe.

2. The women's movement has made great strides in the U.S.; however, it has not been as successful in Europe. Why do you think Europe is lagging behind? What has the women's movement accomplished and what obstacles does it face?

3. Until the mid-1960s, the European educational system was geared toward a small elite. What were the implications of this system? What changes were made and how did those changes impact the youth movement? Where have reforms failed?

 4. Citizen participation generally occurs through voting and becoming a member of a political party. However, less conventional forms of participation, often called collective actions, are the basis upon which social movements are formed. Why do social movements rely so heavily on collective actions and what might motivate a supporter of a social movement to participate in a particular collective action? CHAPTER 8: DECISION PROCESS AND POLICY OUTCOMES.

DECISION PROCESS
 
 
 
 

POLICY OUTCOMES.
 
 
 
 

PART II: CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

CHAPTER 9: HISTORY OF THE RISE AND FALL OF COMMUNISM

CLASSICAL MARXISM
 
 
 
 

NEO-MARXIST CLASS ANALYSIS
 
 
 
 

OPPOSITIONAL COMMUNISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
 
 
 
 

STATE COMMUNISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 14: DEMOCRATIZATION AND MARKETIZATION

PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION SYSTEMS
 
 
 
 
 
 

CABINET FORMATION AND HEADS OF STATE
 
 
 
 
 
 

MARKETIZATION
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

CITIZEN SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIZATION AND MARKETIZATION
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

THEORIES OF TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND FREE MARKET
 
 
 
 
 
 

PART III: NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY
 
 

CHAPTER 11: NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY IN EUROPE

INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF ETHNICITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

MIXED PATTERN FOR NATIONALISM
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 12: POWER SHARING IN MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF POWER SHARING
 
 
 
 
 
 

CRITIQUE OF THE THEORY OF POWER SHARING
 
 
 
 
 
 

NORTHERN IRELAND
 
 
 
 
 
 

FORMER CZECHOSLOVAKIA
 
 
 
 
 
 

FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
 
 
 
 
 
 

PART IV: EUROPEAN UNION.

CHAPTER 13: HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.

HISTORY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN UNION COUNCIL OF MINISTERS.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN COUNCIL
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE.
 
 
 
 
 
 

PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN BUREAUCRACY.
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 14: POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.

COMMON MARKET FOR GOODS.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMMON MARKET FOR SERVICES.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMMON MARKET FOR LABOR.
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMMON MARKET FOR CAPITAL.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMPETITION POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMMON CURRENCY.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ENLARGING THE EUROPEAN UNION
 
 
 
 
 
 

REGIONAL POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 

SOCIAL POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 

AGRICULTURAL POLICY.
 
 
 
 

RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 

IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY.
 
 
 
 
 
 

EUROPEAN SYMBOLS.
 
 
 
 
 
 

CHAPTER 15: WHAT NEW ORDER FOR EUROPE?

DANGERS OF RIGIDITY OF NATION STATE SYSTEM

WITHOUT SIMPLICITY OF COLD WAR.
 
 

ALTERNATIVE OF MULTILAYERED ORDER.
 
 

400 YEARS OF NATION STATES ONLY.

CATASTROPHIC WARS.

REGIONALIZATION AND SUPRANATIONAL INTEGRATION.
 
 
 
 

CROSS-BORDER REGIONS: Basque, Tyrol, Basel

COMPLEX PROBLEMS require complex structure.

EPILOGUE.

Stable democracies are rare, and most are in Europe.

Americans find Europe puzzling:

Socialism is not a dirty word in Europe.

Monarchy is compatible with democracy.

Voting for political parties.

PM easier to remove than US President.

Europeans find US puzzling:

President can be blocked in congress.

importance of questions of style, spouses etc.

Flag waving and noise at party conventions.

Politicians illnesses are considered private.

US media's reportage of Europe is sparse.

European media pay much attention to US because superpower.

American students would learn more of Europeans on back roads than major partying in capital cities.