Huntingdon College | Political Science | Advisees '08 | Classmates | Capstones | Courses | What's New?

Lindsay Curry, a Political Science and English major, came from Stanhope Elmore High School and Deatsville, AL.  A former cheerleader; she is a member of College Democrats and Phi Eta Sigma academic honorary society.  She made Dean's List every semester; and worked as an administrative assistant in the Montgomery law firm of Rushton, Stakeley.   She is interested in a career in administration of government or law, and intends to earn a Master's degree in Public administration or public policy.

Jon Lyons is a Political Science major from Loganville, GA.  A High School football tight end, he enjoys recreational and team basketball.  He travelled to Ontario with his mother who holds a political science degree from SUNY Buffalo. A member of college democrats, he opened the Hawks Nest, and is interested in a possible career in public administration.

Haydyn Hedgspeth, from Gadsden, AL, is a political science major since Fall 2006.  Her family interest in law & politics includes a district attorney and a mayor.  She is a member of the college softball team, College Democrats, panhellenic council, AOII sorority, and J board member.  Her community service includes helping organize Habitat for Humanity and member of Circle K.

Samantha Mosier, our final Public Affairs major, came from BTW Magnet School (Booker T.) in Montgomery AL.  Sam was an organizer of the Model United Nations for BTW, and for two years a participant in Great Decisions in Foreign Policy at Huntingdon. She became a member of the freshman honor society and she edited the Gargoyle newspaper in Fall 2005-2006, taking it to associated collegiate press status.  She lives on three acres with a labrador mix dog called Wednezday [sic] and works in a flower shop and a political public relations firm, Winners Circle Communications.  She has travelled to New Zealand and Australia.  She intends to head to law school or graduate school in a state with good hiking country.  In May '07, she enjoyed the HC tour of Bavaria.

John Martin, of Montgomery, AL, is a Political Science major.  He travelled all over US and British mainland, and is an Alabama supporter.  On the Football team he has been running back #30, and he enjoys listening to classic rock music, travelling (British isles, western US). He transferred to HC from AUM and Sewanee, University of the South.  He worked in a law firm for a couple of years, and is interested in political science for graduate school.

Amanda L. Spiegel, our final International Studies major, and a political science major, graduated from Daphne High School. She came to Huntingdon with multiple national and local scholarships. She is a 2004 Horatio Alger National Scholar, J.L. Bedsole Scholar, Papa Johns Scholar, Burger King Scholar, recipient of the Marian Gaynor Yanamura scholarship, the Alabama Municipal Electric Authority scholarship, the Fairhope Elks Lodge scholarship, and the Eastern Shore Federation of Women scholarship.

Amanda has served numerous leadership positions in student and service clubs including Student Government Association, Freshmen Forum secretary, Co-Director of the Freshmen Forum, Joie de Vivre French Club secretary, Huntingdon Host, First Year Orientation Guide, and Freshmen Orientation Student Leader. She currently serves on the Student Government Association Executive Council as Webmaster. Amanda received the International Studies award and is a member of the freshmen honor society, Phi Eta Sigma. Her academic research includes: “An Overview and Analysis of Eastern Europe’s Integration into the European Union: 1989 – Present”, “The European Union and British Politics”, “The Role of Women in Terrorism: Female Suicide Bombers” “Mission-Driven Government: Governor Riley’s SMART Governing” and co-authored research with Chrystine D. Lake entitled “The Fourteenth Amendment: Guarantying the Rights of the Citizen”.

Amanda interned for the 2004 Alabama Supreme Court Place 1 candidate, Robert H. Smith, at Galloway, Smith, Wettermark and Everest firm in Mobile, AL the summer of 2005. This past summer, she was able to gain a perspective on non-profit organizations while serving as Assistant to the Volunteer Coordinator at Montgomery Area Nontraditional Equestrian (M.A.N.E.) therapeutic riding center. She has enjoyed speaker events at Alabama World Affairs Council and has attended the National Security Workshop at Air War College. She is interested in a career of law.

Jesseca Holcomb is a political science major, a defender and occasional forward on the women's soccer team.  She earned NCAA's all-academic honors for three years.  In summer 2005, she took an internship with Judge Lucie McLemore's district court.  She also adopted the Athletic Training major and studied an additional year at HC for the double major.  She is a member of Phi Eta Sigma, the honor society for freshmen.  She plans a master's degree in human performance or sports medicine.

Patti Lee, a political science and communications minor from Millbrook, AL, who is an ex Softball player, Braves baseball diehard fan, and travels regularly to Oregon, California and Washington state, visiting friends. She is an enthusiastic fan of rock music concerts.  She won the Spanish award as a freshman, and is a member of Lamda Pi Eta, a communications honor society.  Her mom has been active in local politics.    In May '07, she enjoyed the HC tour of Bavaria.  After a gap year in the workplace, she plans on a master's of communications.

Charles Walters, a Political science major interested in sustainable development, comes from Demopolis High School and Linden, AL.  A tennis team player, Charles is active, as well as the Alabama World Affairs Council.  He is a former treasurer of the International students Association; a former member of Judicial Board; and a former member of the women's council [sic].  He has also been a residential adviser and has appeared on the Dungeon stage as Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream.  In spring 2006 he co-authored and co-presented a conference paper with Dr. Lewis for the Shakespeare and Politics panel of the Alabama PSA.   In May '07, he enjoyed the HC tour of Bavaria.  In Fall 2007, he rehearsed the part of Revd. Shaw, in Footloose.  His summer jobs have included work at a Georgia Pacific paper mill, shovelling, painting and attending to water filtration.  He also worked for Marlowe air conditioning systems and electric systems.  He has travelled on a mission trip to Nicaragua, where he helped install water lines for schools.

The Problems with the Alabama Constitution

A look at Amendments, Taxes, Home Rule, Racial Language, Economic Development, and Reformation

By Lindsay Curry, 2007.

Introduction

History of Alabama’s 1901 Constitution

Goals of the Convention

Problems with the constitution

Length

Issues

The Power of Interest Groups

ALFA

Alabama Citizens Against Constitutional Reform

Alabama Citizens For Constitutional Reform

Alabama Arise

Amendments

777 amendments as of 2007

Most pertain to one city or county

¾ of all amendments are locally based

Amendment 555 requires statewide vote on all local amendments

2004 elections

Examples

Amendment 351 pertains strictly to Mobile county

Amendment 482 is for Lauderdale county

Amendment 520 applies to Madison county

Amendment 497 applies to Jefferson county

Racial Language

Segregated School Requirements

-Section 256

Miscegenation Laws

Section 102

Federal Government

Amendment 667

Voting Rights

White Supremacy

15th Amendment of U.S Constitution

Poll Taxes

1942 Alabama Policy Institute

Lack of Home Rule

What is Home Rule ?

Dillon's Rule

Why Home Rule in Alabama

Framer’s thoughts

Problems with Home Rule

Slow

State Legislature

Delegates

Examples of Home Rule Issues

The Gulf Shores Parkway and the accumulated billboards because Alabama  counties do not have the authority to adopt-a-sign ordinances

Lack of Zoning Powers in counties

Madison County rock quarry

Economic Development or a Lack there of

Agricultural State

The Big Mule Alliance

Goals and Accomplishments

Constitution prohibits economic development indirectly

Section 93

1920 amended constitution

Public Services to Rural Areas

Economic Development

The North American Free Trade Act (NAFTA)

The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)

Effects of Alabama Economy

Alabama Taxes

Three major problems : lack of fairness, inefficiency and inadequacy

Who does the tax system benefit?

Lowest property taxes in nation

Earmarking of certain funds

Taxes

Alabama taxes income at $ 4600

[Orally: Gov. Riley raised threshhold in 2006]

Mississippi at $19,000

Mississippi brings in more revenue

What does Alabama Tax

Groceries

 Citizens pay more tax on groceries than their homes

Example:

 Average taxes paid on groceries is $ 450 yearly

 Average taxes paid on $ 100,000 home is $250 yearly

Reforming the Constitution

Other southern states constitutions

Georgia has had 10 constitutions

Mississippi has had 4

Alabama 6

Tennessee has had 3

Types of reform

Full Revision

What is it

What are the issues for revising the Constitution

Convention

Constitutional Limitations

Section 286

Types of Reform

Constitutional Amendment

Amendment that would define all changes made

State legislatures propose possible changes

Why this will not occur

Constitutional Commission and Florida

Constitutional Commission

Florida: An example or successful reform efforts?

Article 11 of Florida’s 1968 Constitution

Revision Commission

Success or Failure?

Alabama’s failed attempts to Reform

Why we can’t reform

Attempts by past leaders

James E. Folsom

Brewer Commission

Conclusions

Alabama’s Constitution is the longest legal document in the world

Lack of Home Rule keeps local gv’t from making laws

One of the most unfair tax systems in U.S

Constitution prohibits economic development

Conclusions

Despite amendments preventing racial language it is still present throughout the constitution

Reform efforts are on the rise, it will be hard to accomplish because of legislature’s power

Florida’s example could be beneficial for Alabama’s problems with reform

Select References

Flynt, Wayne. 2004. Alabama in the Twentieth Century. Tuscaloosa, AL:  The

 University of Alabama Press.

Thomson, Bailey, ed. 2002. A Century of Controversy: Constitutional Reform in Alabama. Tuscaloosa, AL:  The University of Alabama Press .

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Exclusion and the Golden Door: U.S. Immigration Policy

• Jonathan T. Lyons
• Political Science
• Capstone Fall 2007

Overview

• Policy History from 1790-Present
• How stereotypes and xenophobia influenced policy development
• Current Status of Immigration

First Immigration Legislation

• Act of March 26th, 1790
• Set residency requirement for citizenship at 2 years
• Act of January 29th, 1795
• Requirement amended to 5 years
• Federalists vs. Jeffersonians

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

• Naturalization Act
• Alien and Alien Enemy Acts
• Sedition Act-Infringement on Free Speech

Open-Door Era (1790-1882)

• Federalist acts expired with Thomas Jefferson Presidency
• After the founding of the U.S. immigration is encouraged
• 1819- “An act regulating passenger ships and vessels”
• Began recording the number of immigrants entering the United States

Open-Door Era

• 1821-1830:  143,439 immigrants arrive
• President John Tyler encourages immigration in his message to the 22nd Congress in 1841
• “We hold out the to the people of other countries an invitation to come and settle among us”

Opposition to Early Immigration

• The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1851) and crop failures in Germany resulted in heavy Irish/German immigration
• Irish immigrants are almost exclusively Catholic, German immigrants have large Catholic segment
• Nativist sentiments emerged in northern cities such as Boston and New York

Nativist cartoon depicting drunken immigrants [image]

The Gold Rush: Immigration Explosion

• 1848-James W. Marshall discovers gold in the American River outside Sacramento
• Gold discovery inspires an explosion in immigration, especially from China
• 1841-1850:  1,713,251 immigrants arrive
• 1850-United States census records the “nativity” of citizens
• Know-Nothing Movement (American Party)
• Began as the Order of the Star Spangled Banner
• Members had to be native-born white Protestants
• Their oath: “to resist the insidious policy of the Church of Rome…by placing in all offices native-born Protestant citizens”

Open-Door Era

• 1851-1870:  4,913,039 immigrants arrive
• 1862-Homestead Act
• 1863-Central Pacific and Union Pacific hire Chinese and Irish laborers respectively to construct first transcontinental railroad
• Completed at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10th, 1869
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Signed May 6th, 1882
• Reaction to rapid expansion of Chinese immigration
• First act directed at a nationality
• Beginning of “Door-Ajar” Era

Door-Ajar Era

• January 1st, 1892-Ellis Island opens
• May 1892-Geary Act
• Extends exclusion of Chinese 10 additional years
• Required all Chinese to obtain a certificate of residence within one year
• Excluded Chinese from being witnesses

Door-Ajar Era

• 1904-Chinese Exclusion Act extended indefinitely
• Immigration Act of February 20th, 1907
• Created the Dillingham Commission
• Distinguished between “old” and “new” immigrants
• Conclusions led to the establishment of Quota Acts
• Immigration Act of 1917-Asiatic Barred Zone

Chinese Immigration to the US [chart]

Quota System

• Began with Emergency Quota Act of 1921
• Immigrants could only constitute 3% of their country’s existing population in the U.S. according to 1910 census data
• 357,000 per year
• President Calvin Coolidge: “America is for Americans”

Asiatic Barred Zone [map]

Quota System

• Albert Johnson-chairman of House of Representatives C.I.N.
• Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924
• Changed quota to 2% of resident nationalities
• Reduced annual total immigration to 150,000
• Shifted back to 1890 census as benchmark

National Origins System

• Created in the Johnson-Reed Act but delayed until 1929
• Eugenics-driven policy
• Completely bars Asian immigration
• “Encouraged” immigration of “old” Northwestern Europeans and discouraged “new” immigrants of  Southeastern Europe

Immigration 1851-2000 [table]

Immigration During Quota System

• National Origins made no specifications against immigrants from Western Hemisphere
• Coolidge saw limits on this type of immigration as counterproductive
• Mexicans welcomed during labor shortage of World War I, then deported during Great Depression

Bracero Program

• 1942-Agreement between Mexico and U.S.
• Contracted over 4.5 million Mexican nationals for work on U.S. farms
• “Mojados” undocumented Mexican laborers

Bracero Program

• Postwar economy was strong, due in part to Bracero labor
• Mexican laborers filled void left by exclusion of Asian immigrants and National Origin Systems
• 1954- “Operation Wetback” enacted to stem the tide of undocumented laborers

Civil Rights Legislation

• December 31, 1964-Bracero Program ends
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Ended the quota system
• First regulation of Western Hemisphere immigration
• Set limit of 20,000 visas per year on nations of Eastern Hemisphere

Shift in Ethnicity

• Act of 1965 stimulated Asian and Latin American immigration
• Western Europe was economically prosperous, Eastern Europe under Soviet influence
• Increase in refugees from Latin American and Asian countries during wartime

Illegal Immigration

• 1980-number of legal immigrants entering annually reaches 500,000
• 1986-Immigration Reform and Control Act
• Placed sanctions on employers who hired illegal immigrants
• Offered amnesty, 2 million undocumented immigrants gained eventual citizenship

Proposition 187

• Passed by California in 1994
• Denied public benefits to illegal aliens
• Immediately blocked and then overturned by Supreme Court in 1998

Post 9/11 Immigration Policy

• March 1, 2003-INS transitions into U.S.C.I.S.
• Department of Homeland Security
• Creation of Immigration Customs and Enforcement

Illegal Immigrants mostly from Latin America [chart]

Immigration and Customs Enforcement

• J.W. Barnes, Senior Special Agent
• Current illegal population grossly underestimated
• Border towns controlled, deserts are a revolving door
• Only illegal immigrants deported easily are those with a criminal record
• Proposed Legislation
• Amnesty
• Real ID
• Guest-Worker Program
• Project 28
• June 28th, 2007-Senate votes to block massive reform of U.S. immigration policy

2008 Presidential Candidates [images]

Candidates Statements and Recent Voting

• Clinton and Obama-both gave speeches using the phrase “out of the shadows”
• In favor of C.I.R.A. of 2006
• Huckabee-voting record favors helping illegal aliens within U.S.
• Romney-empowered MA police to arrest and deport illegal aliens
• Conclusions
• Stereotypes and anti-foreign sentiments influenced policy development
• Current policy in need of overhaul
• How will U.S. immigration policy further develop?

Further Reading

• Beasley, Vanessa B., ed. 2006. Who Belongs in America? Presidents, Rhetoric, and Immigration. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press
• Daniels, Roger. 2004. Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882. New York, NY: Hill and Wang Publishing
• Hutchinson, E.P. 1981. Legislative History of American Immigration Policy 1798-1965. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
• King, Desmond. 2000. Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press

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Health care Compared: U.S., U.K. and Canada

• Presented by:
• Haydyn Hedgspeth
• Topics to be discussed
• Development of health care in the U.S., U.K., and Canada.
• Problems within each of these three countries.
• Reforms that have made their HCS what they are today.
• The comparison of the three countries.

 U.S. health care

• Cost, Access, Quality.
• Relatively new system.
• Formation of the modern health insurance plan.
• Expansion of government programs in the 1950s-60s.
• Health care reforms during the 1990s.

U.S. health care

• Public v. Private insurance.
• Health care Payments.
• Role of Government.
• Inefficiencies v. Inequities.
• Administrative costs
• Problems with the system.
• What’s next?

U.K. health care

• Development of the National Health Service.
• NHS Act of 1946.
• Funding for the NHS.
•  public and private health care
• PCT’s
• Access and charges.

 U.K. health care

• Reforms under the Thatcher government and the Blair government.
• Criticisms
• Waiting lists, coverage, public opinion
• Canadian health care
• Brief History
• Recent Developments
• 5 founding principles
• development of Medicare
• Funding
• federal governments role

Canadian health care

• Who provides HC?
• cost and issues
• Rationing
• Private v. Public
• Changing role of private sector
• Future reforms

Canadian v American HCS

• Per capita spending
• Government involvement
• Public v. Private
• Technology
• Health care outcomes
• Cancer statistics

Cancer in Females [table]

Cancer in Males [table]

Canadian v American HCS  (cont)

• Monopsony
• Government issues
• Consumer driven health care
• HSA’s, HDHP
• Possible shift??

U.K. v U.S. HCS

• HCS historical perspectives
• Health care access considerations
• Quality of health care
• Health care costs

Conclusion

• The development
• Problems and Crisis
• Reforms
• Comparison

References

• Anderson, G.F. (1998). Multinational Comparisons of HC
• Dickman, P.W., Interpreting trends in cancer patient survival
• Gladwell, Malcolm.  The Moral Hazard Myth
• Kraus, Clifford. As Canada’s Slow- motion Public Health System Falters
• OCED Health Data
• Stuart, P. Britain: Opposition grows to labor’s plans to sell of NHS.
• World Heath Organization: Core Health Indicators

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Reconsidering the American Drug War

• By Samantha Mosier
• Why is the Drug War Important?
• Cost
• Estimated at $600 Per Second
• Social Consequences
• Has Greatest Effect on Lower SES and Minority Communities.
• Strain on Prisons and Judicial System
• Prisons Face Overcrowding and the Large Number of Drug Offenders Backup the Courts.
• Damaging International Relations

Thinking In Time (Neustadt and May)

• Look Towards the Past to Envision Future
• For Current Policy, Use of History Can Be Used as Propaganda
• 3 Assumptions
• Particulars Matter
• Policy Decisions Come One at a Time
• Policy Makers Always Act in Uncertainty

Science of ‘Muddling Through’ (Lindblom)

• Rational-comprehensive: Relies on Theory. Starts From Scratch. Means-End Analysis.
• Incrementalism: Relies on Improving Past Precedents. Means and End Intertwined.
• Produces More Realistic/ Obtainable Options.
• Criticized for Being Too Slow When Swift Action Needed.

Trends and Events

• State and Local Laws Responsible for Narcotic Control
• Narcotics Used for Medical Purposes
• Acquisition of the Philippines
• Gradual Prohibition Modeled After Japanese
• 1909 International Opium Commission
• 1910 Foster Antinarcotics Bill (Failed)
• Ethnic Associations with Cocaine and Heroine
• 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act

Historical Significance

• Attitudes and Regulations Lay the Foundation for Future Policy
• Narcotics Become an American Enemy
• Transfer From State and Local Regulation to Federal Control
• U.S. Makes International Push to Eradicate Drug Usage
• Professional Standards and Regulations Emerge
• Foreign Attempt at Prohibition Fails
• The 18th Amendment to the Marijuana Tax Act

Trends and Events

• 18th Amendment
• The Volstead Act of 1919
• The Prohibition Unit
• Violence and Organized Crime
• Narcotic Education Week
• Continuing International Crusade
• Second Geneva Convention
• Ask Other Nations to Eradicate Narcotic Cultivation for Sake of Addicts

Trends and Events Cont’d

• Narcotics Limitations Convention
• Drugs Divided Into Two Schedules
• Black Tuesday
• 21st Amendment
• States Responsible of Own Alcohol Laws
• Marijuana Tax Act OF 1937
• New Ethnic and Behavioral Associations with Drug Use

Historical Significance

• Domestic Failure of Prohibition
• Organized Crime and Violence
• Not All Intoxicating Substances Merit Same Cohesive Negative Attitudes
• International Crusade Continues
• Emphasis on Needing to Solve America Narcotic Dilemma
• Creates Resentment From Other Nations
• Adjustment to Indirect Prohibition of Certain Substances.

Trends and Events: Johnson and Nixon

• Johnson’s Prettyman Commission
• Operation Intercept (1969)
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act (1970)
• Nixon 1971- Drug Abuse is No. 1 American Public Enemy
• Reorganization Plan No. 2 and the DEA
• Nixon 1974- Turned the Corner on Hard Drugs

Trends and Events: Ford and Carter

• Gap in Drug War Advocacy
• The White Paper on Drug Abuse
• Contradicts Previous Efforts of Drug Policy
• “Drugs cannot be forced out of existence; they will be with us for as long as people find in them the relief or satisfaction they desire. We cannot talk in absolutes- that drug abuse will cease, that no more illegal drugs will cross our borders- because if we are honest with ourselves we know that is beyond our power” – President Carter

Trends and Events: Reagan and Bush

• Cocaine, Crack, AIDs, a Revived Parents Movement, and 49 States with Minimum Mandatory Sentencing Laws
• Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force
• The Medellín Cartel
• National Assets Seizure and Forfeiture Fund (1985)
• Money Laundering Control Act of 1986

Reagan and Bush Cont’d

• 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act
• Crime Bills Extending Federal Control
• Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
• Crime Control Act of 1990
• Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
• “Just Say No” & Red Ribbon Week
• 1988 Anti-Abuse Drug Act
• ONDCP
• January 1990- Bush Proposed 50% Increase in Military Spending and 1.2 Billion for Drug War Aid

Historical Significance

• Same Fear of Addiction Mirrors Early Century/ Always New Drug
• Strict Policy Adaptation Over Tolerance
• Growing Link Between Terrorism/Organized Crime and Narcotics
• Escalation of Cost
• Continuance of International Crusade
• Conflict with Other Nations

Jeffrey Miron

• Supply and Demand of Drugs is Constant
• Prohibition’s Affect on Demand
• Decrease: Respect for the Law
• Increase: Forbidden Fruit
• Decrease: Punishment Measures
• Prohibition’s Affect on Supply
• Increase Cost of Manufacturing, Transportation, and Distribution
• Other Side Affects
• Increased Corruption, Violent Crime, Income-Generated Crime, Product Quality, Criminal Redistribution, and Higher Cost of Enforcement

Jeffrey Miron Cont’d

• 4 Ways to View Drug Policy
• Rational-Consumption
• Externalities
• Irrational Consumption
• Immoral Consumption
• Prohibition: Not the Right Policy Option

The Netherlands (Korf)

• Dutch Policy Base on 3 Principles
• Separation of Soft and Hard Drugs
• Normalization of Drug Use
• Harm Reduction Efforts
• No Single Policy Appropriate For All
• Dutch Belief Overly Strict Regulation Causes Negative Consequences
• Severely Punishes Violators
• Criticism from Neighboring Countries

Robert Charles

• Terrorism and Narcotics
• U.S. Cannot Legalize Narcotics
• Contradiction of Anti-Terrorism Efforts
• “As a nation, we must be willing to project ourselves around the globe diplomatically and militarily, but also to pry ourselves from the sources of terrorist funding we have grown accustomed to overlooking.”

Conclusion

• U.S. Cannot Keep to Current Drug Policy
• Suggestions
• Adapt Medical Marijuana Approach
• Decriminalize Drug Users
• Reallocate Funding Towards Terrorism
• Continue Iron Fist to Stop Illegal Drug Trafficking
• Rely More on Negotiation/ Soft Power than Hard Power When Dealing with Other Nations

References

• Brown, Everett. 1990. Ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Da Copa Press (Reprint): New York, New York (1970).
• Bush, George. 25 Jan 1990. “Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at a Luncheon for Newspaper Publishers”. In Public Papers of the President of the United States: George Bush 1990 Vol II. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• Carpenter, Ted Galen. 2003. Bad Neighbor Policy. Palgrave MacMillan: New York, New York.
• Carter, Jimmy. 2 Aug 1977. “Drug Abuse: Message to the Congress”. In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Jimmy Carter 1977 Vol II. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• Charles, Robert B. 2004. Securing the Nation: Issues in American National Security Since 9/11-Narcotics and Terrorism. Chelsea House: Philadelphia, PA.
• Chepesiuk, Ron. 1999. Hard Target: The United States War Against International Drug Trafficking, 1982-1997. McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers; Jefferson, North Carolina.
• “Ch’ing China: The Opium Wars”. Washington State University.
• http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHING/OPIUM.HTM. 31 Oct 2007.
• “DEA History Book: 1970-1975”. Drug Enforcement Administration.
• http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1970-1975.html. 28 Oct 2007
• Domestic Council Drug Abuse Task Force. 1975.White Paper on Drug Abuse.
• “Drug War Facts: Crime”. 2007. Common Sense for Drug Policy. \
• http://www.drugwarfacts.org/crime.html. 05 Nov 2007.
• Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Pub. L. no. 59-384. 34 Stat. 768 (1906)
• Greer, Mark. “Drug War Clock”. Drug Sense. http://www.drugsense.org/wodclock.htm. 25 Oct 2007.
• Henchey, Brian. “LII: Background on Forfeiture”. Legal Information Institute at Cornell University. http://www.law.cornell.edu/background/forfeiture/. 31 Oct 2007.
• “History of Federal Regulation”. Independent Institute.
• http://www.fdareview.org/history.shtml#second. 19 Oct 2007.
• Jin Fuey Moy v. United States, 254 U.S. 189 (1920).
• Keel, Robert. “Drugs, the Law, and the Future”. University of Missouri at St. Louis http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/180/law.html. 25 Oct 2007.
• Korf, Dirk and Helen Riper, Bruce Burllington. 1999. “Windmills in Their Minds? Drug Policy and Drug Research in the Netherlands”. Journal of Drug Issues. 29(3):451-471.
• Lindblom, Charles. 1959. “The Science of ‘Muddling Through’ “. In Classic Readings in American Politics, ed. Pietro S. Nivola and David H. Rosenbloom. Worth Publishers: New York, New York.
• Money Laundering Control Act of 1986. Pub. L. no 99-570. 100 Stat. 3207-8 & 3207-39 (1986)
• Miron, Jeffrey. 2001. “The Economics of Drug Prohibition and Drug Legalization”.
• Social Research. 68(3):835-855. Accessed EbscoHost 2 Nov 2007.
• Musto, David, and Pamela Korsmeyer. 2002. The Quest for Drug Control: Politics and  Federal Policy in a Period of Increasing Substance Abuse, 1963-1981. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
• Musto, David. 1999. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Neustadt, Richard and Ernest May. 1986. Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers. New York, New York: The Free Press.
• Nixon, Richard. 27 Oct 1970. “389: Remarks on the Signing the Comprehensive Drug
• Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.” In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Richard Nixon 1970. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• Nixon, Richard. 17 June 1971. “202: Remarks About an Intensified Program for Drug
• Abuse Prevention and Control”. In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Richard Nixon 1971. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• Nixon, Richard. 30 Jan 1974. “26: Annual Message to the Congress on the State of theUnion”. In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Richard Nixon1974. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• O’Bryant, JoAnne, and Lisa Seghetti. 2002. “Crime Control: The Federal Response”.
• Congressional Research Service. http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime
•  /archive/crs_federal_crime_policy.shtml. 30 Oct 2007.
• “Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF)”. Drug Enforcement Administration. http://www.justice.gov/dea/programs/ocdetf.htm. 3 Nov 2007.
• PBS Frontline. “Thirty Years of America’s Drug War: a Chronology”. PBS.
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/. 01 Nov 2007.
• “Prohibition”. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgdh/amex/miami/peopleevents/pande06.html. 31 Oct 2007.
• Reagan, Ronald. 41 Oct 1982. “Remarks Announcing Federal Initiatives Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime” In The Public Papers of the President of the United States: Ronald Reagan Vol II 1982. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
• “Red Ribbon Information”. National Family Partnership. http://www.nfp.org/redribbon.htm. 30 Oct 2007.
• Thornton, Mark. “Policy Analysis: Alcohol Prohibition was a Failure”. Jul 1991. CATO Institute. http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-157.html. 31 Oct 2007
• UN Conference in Narcotic Drugs. 1988. UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988. The United Nations: Conference for the Adoption of a Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

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The History and Development of the European Union, Since 1951

• By John Martin, 2007

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

• Treaty of Paris (1951)
• 6 member organization
• Franco-German relationship
• Increased economic production by combining coal and steel resources
• Leadership and Foresight
• Robert Schuman
• European integration and cooperation
• Jean Monnet (1952-1955)
• Post-war debt relief
• ECSC Institutions
• Assembly
• High Authority/European Commission (Schuman)
• Court of Justice/Arbitration
• Council of Ministers

Treaty of Rome (1957)

• European Economic Community (EEC)
• Common market (the Six)
• European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
• Nuclear energy
• Merger Treaty (1965)
• European Communities (ECSC, EEC, and Euratom)
• Joint budget and distribution of power
• European Parliament (1962) and budgetary control (1975)
• Enlargement and Improvement
• 1973- change in French presidency and 3 new additions
• European Parliament (1979)
• 1980’s- southwest Europe (3 more countries incorporated into European Communities)
• Economic Progress

Schengen Agreement (1985)- borders and police cooperation

• 5 out of 12 members
• British mainland (Common Travel Area)

Single European Act (1986)

• Internal market
• Qualified majority voting (QMV)
• European Council (policy)
• Introduction of symbolic flag
• Economic and Political Unity
• German reunification

Maastricht Treaty (1992)- European Union (EU)

• 3 nations succeed to EU
• Copenhagen European Council (1993)
• Amsterdam Treaty (1995)
• Maastricht Uncovered
• Treaty on European Union
• Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
• Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)
• Eurocorps (5 members)
• Trilateral organization of power
• 21st Century Updates

Treaty of Nice (2001)

• Globalization
• Coinage and adoption
• European Integration
• 10 members included
• East meets west
• Economic disparity and uncertainty
• 27 total nations

Modern EU Politics and Governance

• Members of Parliament (MEPs) and political parties
• Regulations, directives, and decisions
• Primary and secondary laws
• Bilateral power distribution

Recent Trends and Statistics

• Economic diversity and success
• Exports and imports
• Continental integration and disadvantages
• Global involvement
• Global Impact
• Humanitarian aid
• Environmental focus
• International competition
• Positive EU/U.S. relationship

EU Problems and Conflicts

• European Constitution (2004)
• Franco-German supremacy
• Decreasing EU/China relationship
• British skepticism
• New candidate countries

Conclusion

• Stabilizing Europe with a common market
• Uniting east and west
• Worldwide responsibility and assistance
• Future of the EU

Further Reading

• Kostlowski, Dean J., ed.  2000.  The European Union: From Jean Monnet to the Euro.  Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
• Wallace, Helen and William Wallace, eds.  2000.  Policy-Making in the European Union.  4th ed.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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The History of American Government

• The Declaration of Independence
• The U.S. Constitution
• English “common law”
• The State Supreme Court vs. Federal Supreme Court

Natural Law vs. Natural Rights

• The concept of natural law was to clearly define the powers of the new independent nation that was equal to England.
• The concept of natural rights was used to clearly define the line between powers of the government and the rights of citizens
• Both concepts are simultaneously expressed within the text of the Declaration of Independence.

Philosophers’ theories

• John Locke
• Montesquieu
• Rousseau
• John Stuart Mill
• Jeremy Bentham

Are some rights implied within the Bill of Rights?

• Right of Privacy
• Why is it important to Americans?
• It is not specifically mentioned within the Constitution
• Is it an “implied” right

Views of Privacy Based on the Constitution

• The Bill of Rights can be view as exclusive.
• The Constitution can be thought of as a “living” document which is always changing with the passing of time.
• A combination of both where there is a recognition of privacy as a right and the dedication to allowing state regulations to continue.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

• History
• Griswold and Buxton violated two Connecticut laws
• The opinion of the Court reversed the State court’s decision was reversed on the basis of marital right of privacy
• Guaranteed within the Ninth and the Fourteenth Amendments and the prenumbras of the Bill of Rights

Roe v. Wade (1973)

• History
• Anonymous pregnant, single woman was prevented from obtaining an abortion under Texas law.
• The Court recognizes that a right of personal privacy does exist within the “zones of privacy” under the Constitution
• Founded in the Fourteenth and the Ninth Amendment.

Maher v. Roe (1977)

• History
• A Connecticut regulation restricted federal funding for abortions passed the “first trimester.”
• Majority opinion determined that the Connecticut regulation was not unconstitutional
• The ability to have an abortion is still possible, but only through means of private funding.

Akron v. Akron Center of Reproductive Health (1983)

• History
• The City of Akron attempted to regulate abortion clinics.
• The majority opinion felt that regulations of this sort were unnecessary and served no legitimate purpose in supporting the city’s interests.
• The concept of “unduly burdensome” developed by Justice O’Connor

Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986)

• History
• A Pennsylvania statute required the doctor to provide information concerning risks and alternatives to abortions while providing reports to the state and have another physician present during the abortion
• The majority of the Court felt that the regulations in this case interfered with a woman’s right to an abortion.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

• History
• The state of Missouri forbade the use of public employees and facilities for the performance of nontherapeutic abortions.
• The majority opinion found that Missouri’s view of abortion was not unconstitutional.

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)

• History
• Pennsylvania law required informed consent  with provisions for emergencies, parental or guardian consent, and a collection of patient information.
• The majority opinion concluded that the Pennsylvania laws were not unconstitutional, except for the spousal notification.
• This decision overturned the previous ruling in Akron and Thornburgh

Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)

• History
• Nebraska law banned partial birth abortions, also known as dilation and extraction (D&X)
• The majority opinion determined that the statute violated the decision in Casey because the language could be reasonably interpreted to ban activities other than D&X abortion procedures

Public Opinion

• Public Opinion
• ATTITUDES TOWARD ROE V. WADE – BY PARTY ID
• [Chart]

Conclusion

• Privacy will continue to be an issue because it is an unwritten law.
• The Supreme Court rulings have show to be inconsistent.
• They also showed to be inconsistent when it came to the importance of determining when life begins.
• Because of the inconsistencies, it is impossible to predict the future for the right of privacy or the governmental leniencies for compelling state’s interest.

Selected References

• Johnson, John. 2005. Griswold v. Connecticut: Birth Control and the Constitutional Right of Privacy.
• Judges, Donald. 1993. Hard Choices, Lost Voices; How the Abortion Conflict Has Divided America, Distorted Constitutional Rights, and Damaged the Courts.
• McWhirter, Darien, and Jon Bible. 1992. Privacy as a Constitutional Right: Sex, Drugs, and the Right to Life.
• Sullivan, Kathleen, and Gerald Gunther. 2004. Constitutional Law (15th Ed.).
• Vile, John. 1997.  A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments. (2nd Ed.).

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Stance versus Response

Shouldn’t they be similar?

Our stance has been a diametrical opposition to genocide

Our response has been to intervene where feasible and if the situation poses a risk to national interests which in happenstance hasn’t involved intervention to prevent or curb the occurrence of genocide

The Development of the Genocide Concept and American Feelings

The Armenian Genocide

Henry Morgenthau

The Holocaust

Rafael Lemkin

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (1948)

The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish

In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.

Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.

Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide

From the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights

http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm

Reservations along with the US Ratification of The Genocide Convention (1988)

Before any dispute to which the United States is a party may be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under this article, the specific consent of the United States is required in each case.

That nothing in the Convention requires or authorizes legislation or other action by the United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as interpreted by the United States.

The United Nations Treaty Collection (2001)

US Inconsistency

The inconsistency is not in but between our rhetoric, values and our actions.

The United States has, since its coinage, condemned genocide.

“American leaders… have repeatedly committed themselves to preventing the reoccurrence of genocide.

Prior to Bosnia however, the US “had never in its history intervened to stop genocide and had in fact rarely even made a point of condemning it as it occurred” (Power). (though it has condemned genocide with hindsight)

The Dilemma

When and where should America and the UN intervene?

Peacekeepers have been in Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda but have pulled out when the situations became dire.

Only after the genocide has taken place has the US and the UN taken action to punish those responsible.

Realism

If intervention is costly or non-beneficial to national interests then it should be avoided at all costs.

But focuses on cost/analysis such as the fiscal costs of intervention, the human costs, not on an ethical standard

“Realism in its purest form argues that statesmen ought to absolutely disregard considerations like human rights in favor of a focus on national interests” (McKay).

“To expect human beings and organizations to think about the interest of others before their own is to ask them to deny their own instincts for self-preservation” (Kaplan 101).

Idealism

America has a moral responsibility to intervene on the behalf of humanity.

“Idealism argues that one ought to take the moral route in all circumstances, regardless of whether doing what’s right is in the national interest or not” (McKay)

Should not democracy be a source of hope?

Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms

“There is a level of violence and atrocities so offensive to the American and democratic conscience as to override considerations of the national interest” (Kissinger)

Selective Engagers

Believe intervention is necessary but realize that it is only possible in some cases, so make your point to the world in select instances.

Believe that moral responsibility and the works of day-to-day foreign policy do not have to be intertwined, that the ability to intervene militarily in humanitarian crises is “bounded by circumstance.”

Bosnia (1992-1995)

What Happened?

Serb militia began slaughtering Croats and Muslims denying the autonomy that had passed with 99.4% of voters voting for removal from Serbia.

200,000 Bosnian’s killed in 3 ½ years and more than 2 million were displaced

“The Bush and Clinton Administrations’ responses to the atrocities in Bosnia were consistent with prior American responses to genocide”—they allowed it to proceed, “unimpeded by U.S. action and often emboldened by U.S. inaction” (Power).

Rwanda 1994

What happened?

Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed and a military coup took control.

Estimated between 800,000 and 1,000,000 million Tutsi and moderate Hutus were slaughtered

“Did we have a moral responsibility to stay there? Would it have made a difference?” (U.S. Ambassador David Rawson)

The Clinton administration avoided the use of the G-word because the term would nearly demand US intervention

What Now?

Realistically America cannot intervene in all cases of humanitarian need.

Ideally America creates an inconsistency when it intervenes only during times of national interests

To move towards a solution America must not try to act unilaterally but rather work through multilateralism relying largely on the UN

Major Works

Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, 2007 edition

Henry Kissinger’s Does America Need a Foreign Policy? 2001

Jon Western, Selling Intervention in America, 2005

Eric A. Heinz, “The Rhetoric of Genocide in U.S. Foreign Policy: Rwanda and Darfur Compared,” Political Science Quarterly, 2007

Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes, America Against the World, 2006

Robert D. Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, 2002

David McKay, & Andrew Wroe, Controversies in American Society and Politics, 2002

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